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Prehistory[edit]
The oldest vestiges discovered to date come from the coastal station of Horgen-Dampfschiffsteg/Bootshabe. They were discovered during dredging of the channel in 1950, 1961 and 1973 (with additional surveys in 1973 and 1988). These excavations identified four levels of occupation, separated by lacustrine chalk sediments. The oldest level ends with a fire layer, while the next level contained a house dated by dendrochronology to 3713 BC. The ceramics of the oldest layer belong typologically to the middle Pfyn culture, while those of the upper layers belong to the late Pfyn period. Finds included clay crucibles for copper melting, weights, flint and stone tools (percussors, polishers, scrapers, millstones, axes), bone and antler tools, wooden objects (cups, axe handles, weaver's beaters), fragments of bark boxes, and red ochre. Dendrochronology attests to a distinct occupation phase between 2722 and 2695 BC (Corded Ware culture), from which some shards originate. A Bronze Age bronze hook and conical cup are also in the inventory.
Horgen is the type-site of the Horgen culture (a name created by Emil Vogt in 1934), specifically the station of Horgen-Scheller. First observations date from dredging for a shipyard in 1914, with further work in 1917, 1921, 1923 and 1972. Excavations took place between 1987 and 1990. The excavations distinguished four to seven levels of the Horgen culture, with lacustrine chalk sediments indicating periods of flooding. Dendrochronological analysis of the pile fields (felling in 3051–3049, 3045–3044, 3039 and 3037 BC) revealed that there were undoubtedly two neighboring settlements occupied likely in alternation. The upper layers were rich in varied remains, including ceramics, weights, stone axes, saw traces, wooden combs, a hatchet with a bent handle bound with twine, a human lower jaw, and remains of cereals and fruits.
A more recent occupation phase (piles felled between 2465 and 2459 BC) yielded Corded Ware ceramics. Isolated remains belong to the Pfyn culture and the Early Bronze Age. In 1987, a Late Bronze Age settlement (1087 to 1072 BC) was discovered about 100 m southeast of Horgen-Scheller. Two graves from the middle La Tène culture (second half of the 3rd century BC) were identified in 1840–1842 at Talacher. From the Roman period, only two coins and a tile fragment have been found. A necropolis from the Early Middle Ages was unearthed at Stockerstrasse in 1907.
Middle Ages[edit]
In the Middle Ages, a colonization movement occurred from the lake shore towards the higher sites of the Albis forest, of which the Fraumünster Abbey in Zurich was the owner by virtue of an imperial privilege of 952. A case of clearing is attested there by a deed of 1153. The late occupation explains the dispersed habitat at Horgenberg and the distribution of forest use rights between various communes and domains. The mayorie (manorial administration) of the Fraumünster (mentioned in 1369) played a role in the cultivation of the highlands. The Fraumünster also possessed mills in Horgen-Dorf (mentioned in 1263, later called Obermühle) and Käpfnach (before 1319, likely the predecessor of the Untermühle of Horgen-Dorf).
The opening of the Gotthard Pass route made Horgen an important transshipment point on the north-south axis and on the link between Lake Walen and Central Switzerland. Goods were unloaded from boats to be loaded onto pack animals and vice versa. A mule track (drivable from the 17th century) led to Zug via Hirzel and Sihlbrugg. The oldest transport regulations date from 1452; a customs post was created in 1528. Zurich built a Sust (warehouse) around 1558. In the 14th century, the locality formed one of the centers of the bailiwick of Horgen-Maschwanden with Maschwanden, then in the hands of the Habsburgs; it housed the seat after its acquisition by the city of Zurich (1406–1798).
The parish of Horgen included Hirzel until 1620 and Oberrieden until 1760. Its church appears in the mid-13th century as Fraumünster property, which sold the patronage rights to the Knights Hospitaller commandery of Klingnau in 1345. To end troubles arising from the Reformation, rights were transmitted to the Council of Zurich in 1543. The Romanesque church was enlarged during the Gothic period and in 1676, then demolished in 1780 and replaced by a Rococo style church by Johann Jakob Haltiner. Catholics have had a church since 1872 and a parish since 1874.
Early Modern Era[edit]
In the Late Middle Ages, several village communities formed; they associated to build a communal house (with an inn) in 1462. This group strengthened in the 16th century and constituted the commune of Horgen; the communities became fractions called Wachten (military districts). Jurisdictional conflicts were frequent between the commune and the fractions. The former handled the election of judges and consistory supervisors, fire police, and administration of the communal house, while the fractions dealt with field police and the use of forests and commons. The commune had a regulation drawn up in 1466 on the communal inn.
The fractions near the lake practiced crop rotation, while the temporary field method predominated in the areas of isolated farms. The example of the Reite (communal property of the Horgen-Dorf fraction) demonstrates the dynamism of pre-industrial agrarian systems: originally a sole, it was transformed into pasture in 1466. By 1545, the beneficiaries began to plough it again (division into six to ten lots called Rotten). In the 18th and 19th centuries, three years of ploughing alternated with seven years of pasture. From 1911, a system of auctioning leases was practiced. Among the commons, the Eggholz wood also appears in the 15th century. After a long quarrel, the Eggholz passed in 1923 to the political municipality.
Andreas Meyer, a Zurich silk manufacturer and future mayor, had the Bocken manor erected in 1681–1688. Craftsmanship and trade were so active that the locality obtained a market right in 1639. There was a tile factory, a lime kiln at Käpfnach (mentioned in 1400), a forge (before 1452), a dye works (1591) and tanneries. The chronicler Johannes Stumpf described the Horgen lignite deposit for the first time in 1548. Exploitation was intensified during the Franco-Prussian War and the two World Wars, then suspended in 1947 (a museum opened in 1989).
19th and 20th Centuries[edit]
The textile home industry (putting-out system) was established primarily in the zones of isolated farms. Cotton spinning employed about 29% of the population in 1787; there were also 131 muslin looms. Factory production gradually replaced home work in the 19th century. Johann Jakob Staub founded one of the first companies using Jacquard looms in Switzerland in 1825. The silk industry, which was highly developed (ten factories in 1847, mechanical weaving from 1863), earned the locality the nickname "Little Lyon". The volume of silk exports overseas prompted the United States to open a consular agency in Horgen in 1878 (consulate from 1882 to 1898). The industry collapsed due to crises in the inter-war period.
The textile industry led to the manufacture of textile machines; an interest group ("Die 4 von Horgen"), founded in 1944, supports the marketing of this sector globally. Horgen has been the district capital since 1831. The communal parliament introduced in 1927 was abolished in 1938. The lake road (Zurich-Richterswil) and the road to Sihlbrugg were built in 1846. The opposition of Horgen boatmen to steam navigation on Lake Zurich (from 1835) delayed the development of the Haab landing stage (1839). The Aabach Hydraulic Plant Society, founded in 1883, supplied the industry with pressurized water (32 turbines, 200 HP total, and a fountain with a 60-meter jet near the Sust in 1901). Shortly after the inauguration of the left bank railway line in 1875, the terrain where the station was located slid into the lake. The A3 motorway route (1966) caused the disappearance of 12 hectares of forest at Horgener Egg.
